Mount entry in /etc/fstab by example

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General
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Oracle was failing to start because mount point for archive destination was missing

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Error in alert.log
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ARCH: Archival stopped, error occurred. Will continue retrying

ORACLE Instance igt - Archival Error
ORA-16038: log 1 sequence# 160 cannot be archived
ORA-19502: write error on file "", block number  (block size=)
ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/oracle_db/db1/db_igt/ora_redo_01_a.rdo'
ARCH: Archival stopped, error occurred. Will continue retrying
ORACLE Instance igt - Archival Error
ORA-16014: log 1 sequence# 160 not archived, no available destinations
ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/oracle_db/db1/db_igt/ora_redo_01_a.rdo'
Thu Jun 07 12:19:32 2018

ARC1: Closing local archive destination LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1: '/oracle_db/db2/db_igt/archarch0001_160_827818122.arc' (error 19502) (igt)

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Example how to mount
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oracle@my_server:~>% df -hP

Filesystem                     Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol00  2.0G  761M  1.1G  41% /
tmpfs                          4.0G  717M  3.4G  18% /dev/shm
/dev/vda1                      991M  623M  317M  67% /boot
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol01  9.8G  2.1G  7.3G  22% /usr
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol02   12G  312M   11G   3% /var
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol03  2.0G  5.0M  1.9G   1% /tmp
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol05  988M  1.5M  936M   1% /home
/dev/mapper/Volume00-Backup     27M  351K   25M   2% /backup
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol04  5.8G  537M  5.0G  10% /opt
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol10  4.4G  715M  3.4G  18% /kits
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol12  3.9G  995M  2.7G  27% /software
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol13   27M  351K   25M   2% /oracle_db
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol14   16G  5.5G  9.4G  37% /software/oracle
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol15  160G  4.2G  148G   3% /oracle_db/db1

oracle@my_server:~>% cat /etc/fstab
tmpfs                   /dev/shm         tmpfs   size=4g,nodev,nosuid,noexec             0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts         devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
UUID=6168975d-c5ec-4a74-9a87-cfa073d510f7  
                            /boot        ext4   defaults      1 2
/dev/Volume00/LogVol00      /            ext4   defaults      1 1
/dev/Volume00/LogVol01      /usr         ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol02      /var         ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol03      /tmp         ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol05      /home        ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol06      swap         swap   defaults      0 0
/dev/OraVG01/OraLV01        /backup/ora_online ext4 defaults  0 0
/dev/OraVG01/OraLV02        /backup/ora_exp ext4  defaults    0 0
/dev/OraVG02/OraVol03       /oracle_db/db2  ext4  defaults    0 0
/dev/Volume00/Backup        /backup      ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol04      /opt         ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol10      /kits        ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol12      /software    ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol13      /oracle_db   ext4   defaults      0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol14      /software/oracle ext4  defaults   0 0
/dev/Volume00/LogVol15      /oracle_db/db1   ext4  defaults   0 0

root@my_server:~>% mount /dev/OraVG02/OraVol03

root@my_server:~>% df -hP
Filesystem                     Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol00  2.0G  761M  1.1G  41% /
tmpfs                          4.0G  717M  3.4G  18% /dev/shm
/dev/vda1                      991M  623M  317M  67% /boot
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol01  9.8G  2.1G  7.3G  22% /usr
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol02   12G  312M   11G   3% /var
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol03  2.0G  5.0M  1.9G   1% /tmp
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol05  988M  1.5M  936M   1% /home
/dev/mapper/Volume00-Backup     27M  351K   25M   2% /backup
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol04  5.8G  537M  5.0G  10% /opt
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol10  4.4G  715M  3.4G  18% /kits
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol12  3.9G  995M  2.7G  27% /software
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol13   27M  351K   25M   2% /oracle_db
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol14   16G  5.5G  9.4G  37% /software/oracle
/dev/mapper/Volume00-LogVol15  160G  4.2G  148G   3% /oracle_db/db1
/dev/mapper/OraVG02-OraVol03   345G  249M  327G   1% /oracle_db/db2



After restarting Oracle, issue was resolved.

Mount, Nomount, Restricted and Open

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Mount, Nomount, Restricted and Open 
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NOMOUNT
Oracle reads initialization files in this order:
1. spfile.
2. If not found read from pfile.
3. If not found read from init.ora file.

According to the settings database instance is started:
- Memory structures (SGA) allocated.
- Background processes started.
- Alert<SID>.log and trace file are opened for writing.
- Control is not loaded.

MOUNT
Control Files are loaded.
Datafiles and Online Redo Log files are not opened yet.

OPEN
Datafiles are opened.
Online Redo Log file are opened.


Privilege needed for Oracle Startup:
To startup Oracle instance one need to login as sysdba

How to switch between MOUNT/NOMOUNT modes:
Switch to NOMOUNT mode:
STARTUP NOMOUNT;

Switch to MOUNT mode:
STARTUP MOUNT;
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT; (from NOMOUNT mode)

Switch to OPEN mode:
STARTUP;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN; (from MOUNT mode)

Restricted Mode
In Restricted mode - the database is open, but only privileged user can connect.

Switch to RESTRICT mode:
STARTUP RESTRICT;
or
ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;

To go out from the restricted mode:
ALTER SYSTEM DISABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;